日常生活では、どんな店屋の主人でもしごくあたりまえに、ある人が自分がこうだと称する人柄と、その人が実際にどういう人であるのかということを区別することぐらいはできるのに、わが歴史記述ときては、まだこんなありふれた認識にさえも達していないのである。それは、あらゆる時代を、その時代が自分自身について語り、思い描いた言葉どおりに信じ込んでいるのである。 『ドイツ・イデオロギー』
070525
■ [memo][currency] 
The Global History of Currencies (GHOC)
An Exclusive Service of Global Financial Data
http://www.globalfinancialdata.com/index.php3?action=showghoc&country_name=JAPAN
Both Korea and Taiwan issued currencies set at par to the Japanese Yen while they were occupied by Japan, and during World War II, Japan established currencies for each of the territories it occupied. Japan created the Military Yen, or Gumpyo (XJPM), set at par to the Japanese Yen. Japan occupied the territories of Brunei, Burma, Hong Kong, Malaya, Netherlands Indies, North Borneo, Philippines and Sarawak.
During the Second World War, French Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam) and Thailand, though occupied by Japanese troops, did not have Japanese occupation currency; rather, they paid a kind of ransom by creating domestic currency and giving it to Japan to pay for local expenses. In Burma, Hong Kong, western Indonesia (Sumatra and Java), and the Philippines, the Yokohama Specie Bank acted as the issuing agent of occupation currency and the de facto central bank. The Bank of Taiwan had the same capacity in Oceania and eastern Indonesia.
The Bank of Japan was made the central bank for the Greater South East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere by a Japanese law of July 1942, but Japanese occupation currencies were not officially all pegged to one another and to the yen until 1943, when the rate was established at 1 Japanese yen = 1 military yen (China) = 1 Burmese rupee = 1 Javanese gulden = Malayan $1 = 1 Philippine peso = 1 Thai baht = 2 Japanese Oceanic shillings, and 1 Indochinese piastre = 0.976 Japanese yen (Bányai 1974: 8). On 1 April 1942, Japan opened the Southern Development Bank (Nampo Kaihatsu Kinko), which had its headquarters in Tokyo and, from 1 July 1942, a primary regional office in Singapore (renamed Shonan by the Japanese).
The Southern Development Bank became the official central bank of the Japanese occupation at various dates in 1943 and 1944 for Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Singapore, but this was mainly an administrative change. Notes continued to be printed with the same appearance and the Yokohama Specie Bank and Bank of Taiwan continued as the agents for issuing occupation currency and regulating other banks. Although these currencies were part of a currency zone based on the Japanese yen, convertibility between any pair of currencies was restricted. Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria were also parts of the Japanese yen currency zone through their older pegs to the yen.
The Japanese government issued banknotes in each of the countries it occupied during World War II. The notes were issued at par with the local currency, but due to the excessive issue of these banknotes, they quickly depreciated in value. Local currencies included the Philippines Gumpyo Peso (PHJ), Netherlands Indies Gumpyo Gulden (IDDJ), Netherlands Indies Gumpyo Roepiah (IDDR), Malaya Gumpyo Dollar (MYAG), Burma Gumpyo Rupee (BUG), Hong Kong Military Yen (HKG), Oceania Gumpyo Pound (XOGP), and the French Indochina Military Yen (ICFG). See each of these countries for information on the occupation currencies issued by the Japanese.
The Japanese also issued several currencies during their occupation of China, mostly tied to the Japanese Yen in the beginning. The Central Bank of Manchukuo under the Japanese puppet government issued Yuan banknotes (CNMY) tied at par to the Japanese Yen. The Central Bank of Inner Mongolia (Meng Cheng Bank) issued a separate currency for Mongolia (CNJM) that was set at par to both the Manchukuo Yuan and Japanese Yen.
When the Japanese invaded the rest of China, they issued separate currencies for northern China and for southern China, as well as a Military Yen. The Federal Reserve Bank of China issued the Northern Chinese Dollar (also known as the Peking Dollar, Tientsin Dollar) (CNJP). Northern China had refused to send its silver reserves to the Nationalist government under the 1935 monetary reform, and autonomous coins and banknotes were issued in 1936 prior to the Japanese invasion. The Northern Chinese Dollar was set at par to the Japanese Yen, and later set at 1 Northern Chinese Dollars equal to 3.8 Nanking Dollars.
The Japanese set up the Central Bank of China was set up in Nanking after they invaded southern China. The Nanking Yuan were equal to one-fourth Military Yen and were exchanged at the rate of 1 Nanking Yuan equal to 2 Chinese Dollars after occupation.
All the Japanese currencies issued in occupied territories became worthless after the Japanese lost the war, though citizens were usually allowed to redeem some of them into the local currency, though usually at a discount to their face value.
